O papel da equidade no planejamento de transporte coletivo urbano no Brasil

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v27i4.1709

Palavras-chave:

Equidade, Transporte coletivo, Planejamento de transporte, Mobilidade urbana sustentável.

Resumo

Embora a noção de equidade seja considerada primordial no emergente paradigma da mobilidade urbana sustentável, o planejamento da mobilidade tem sido acusado de contribuir para a produção e a consolidação de desigualdades sociais e espaciais relacionadas à provisão e organização do transporte coletivo urbano, principalmente no contexto de países em desenvolvimento. Este artigo investiga em que medida planejadores atuantes em cidades brasileiras estão cientes de iniquidades relacionadas ao transporte e a forma como compreendem o papel do transporte em relação a objetivos sociais. Diferentemente do que a literatura sugere, resultados da survey conduzida para este estudo indicam que, no Brasil, planejadores de transportes reconhecem certas associações entre privação socioeconômica e deficiências na oferta de transporte coletivo urbano, mas não necessariamente identificam no processo de planejamento fatores que levam à produção de desigualdades. Tampouco compreendem a ideia de equidade social como central no paradigma de mobilidade urbana sustentável.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Thiago Guimarães, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Reino Unido

Doutorando no Instituto para os Estudos de Transportes, Universidade de Leeds, Reino Unido

Karen Lucas, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Reino Unido

Professora titular no Instituto para os Estudos de Transportes, Universidade de Leeds, Reino Unido

Referências

Arsenio, E.; K. Martens e F. Di Ciommo (2016) Sustainable urban mobility plans: Bridging climate change and equity targets? Research in Transportation Economics, v. 55, p. 30–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2016.04.008

Banister, D. (2002) Transport planning. Spon, Londres.

Banister, D. (2005) Unsustainable transport: City transport in the new century. Routledge, Londres.

Banister, D. (2008) The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy, v. 15, n. 20, p. 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005

Bertolini, L. (2012) Integrating mobility and urban development agendas: A manifesto. disP - The Planning Review, v. 48, n. 1, p. 16–26. DOI: 10.1080/02513625.2012.702956

Bertolini, L.; F. le Clercq e T. Straatemeier (2008) Urban transportation planning in transition. Transport Policy, v. 15, n. 2, p. 69–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.11.002

Bickerstaff, K.; R. Tolley e G. Walker (2002) Transport planning and participation: The rhetoric and realities of public in-volvement. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 10, n. 1, p. 61–73. doi:10.1016/S0966-6923(01)00027-8

Bocarejo, J. P. e D. R. Oviedo (2012) Transport accessibility and social inequities: A tool for identification of mobility needs and evaluation of transport investments. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 24, p. 142–154. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.004

Boschmann, E. E., e M.-P. Kwan (2008) Toward socially sustainable urban transportation: Progress and potentials. Interna-tional Journal of Sustainable Transportation, v. 2, n. 3, p. 138–157. DOI: 10.1080/15568310701517265

Bullard, R. D., e G. S. Johnson (eds.) (1997) Just transportation: Dismantling race and class barriers to mobility. New Society, Gabriola Island.

Caggiani, L.; R. Camporeale e M. Ottomanelli (2017) Facing equity in transportation Network Design Problem: A flexible constraints based model. Transport Policy, v. 55, p. 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.01.003

Carruthers, R.; M. Dick e A. Saurkar (2005) Affordability of public transport in developing countries (No. 3). The World Bank, Washington. Disponível em: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17408 (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Cass, N.; E. Shove e J. Urry (2005) Social exclusion, mobility and access. The Sociological Review, v. 53, n. 3, p. 539–555. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00565.x

Chakraborty, J.; J. A. Maantay e J. D. Brender (2011) Disproportionate proximity to environmental health hazards: Methods, models, and measurement. American Journal of Public Health, v. 101, n. S1, p. S27–S36. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300109

Chakraborty, J.; L. A. Schweitzer e D. J. Forkenbrock (1999) Using GIS to assess the environmental justice consequences of transportation system changes. Transactions in GIS, v. 3, n. 3, p. 239–258. doi:10.1111/1467-9671.00020

Church, A.; M. Frost e K. Sullivan (2000) Transport and social exclusion in London. Transport Policy, v. 7, n. 3, p. 195–205. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00024-X

Clark, L. P.; D. B. Millet e J. D. Marshall (2017) Changes in transportation-related air pollution exposures by race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status: Outdoor nitrogen dioxide in the United States in 2000 and 2010. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 125, n. 9, p. 1-10. DOI: 10.1289/EHP959

Cresswell, T. (2006) The right to mobility: The production of mobility in the courtroom. Antipode, v. 38, n. 4, p. 735–754. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00474.x

Curl, A.; J. Clark e A. Kearns (2018) Household car adoption and financial distress in deprived urban communities: A case of forced car ownership? Transport Policy, v. 65, p. 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.01.002

Currie, G., e A. Delbosc (2009) Car ownership and low income on the urban fringe–Benefit or hindrance. Proceedings of the 32nd Australasian Transport Research Forum. Disponível em: http://www.cmnzl.co.nz/assets/sm/4483/61/paper12-Currie.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Dimitriou, H. T. (2011) Urban transport planning: A developmental approach. Routledge, Londres.

Elvy, J. (2014) Public participation in transport planning amongst the socially excluded: An analysis of 3rd generation local transport plans. Social exclusion in the countries with advanced transport systems, v. 2, n. 2, p. 41–49. doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2014.06.004

Falavigna, C.; T. Guimarães e D. Hernandez (2017a) Mobilidade inclusiva. In: Portugal, L. da S. (ed.) Transporte, mobilidade e desenvolvimento urbano. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, p. 219–241.

Falavigna, C.; T. Guimarães e D. Hernandez (2017b) Mobilidade justa socialmente. In: Portugal, L. da S. (ed.) Transporte, mobi-lidade e desenvolvimento urbano. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, p. 243–267.

Falavigna, C. e D. Hernandez (2016) Assessing inequalities on public transport affordability in two Latin American cities: Montevideo (Uruguay) and Córdoba (Argentina). Transport Policy, v. 45, p. 145–155. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.09.011

Farrington, J. e C. Farrington (2005) Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice: Towards conceptualisation. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.10.002

Forkenbrock, D.; S. Benshoff e G. Weisbrod (2001) Assessing the social and economic effects of transportation projects (NCHRP Web Document No. 31). Disponível em: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_w31.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Fouracre, P. R.; M. Sohail e S. Cavill (2006) A participatory approach to urban transport planning in developing countries. Transportation Planning and Technology, v. 29, n. 4, p. 313–330. doi:10.1080/03081060600905665

Gaffron, P. (2012) Urban transport, environmental justice and human daily activity patterns. Transport Policy, v. 20, p. 114–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.011

Geurs, K. T.; W. Boon, e B. Van Wee (2009) Social impacts of transport: Literature review and the state of the practice of transport appraisal in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Transport Reviews, v. 29, n. 1, p. 69–90. doi:10.1080/01441640802130490

Godard, X. (2011) Poverty and urban mobility: Diagnosis toward a new understanding. In: Dimitriou, H. e R. A. Garkenheimer (eds.) Urban transport in the developing world: A handbook of policy and practice. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, p. 232–261.

Grieco, M. (2015) Social sustainability and urban mobility: Shifting to a socially responsible pro-poor perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, v. 11, n. 1, p. 82–97. doi:10.1108/SRJ-05-2014-0061

Gudmundsson, H.; R. P. Hall; G. Marsden e J. Zietsman (2016) Transportation and sustainability. In: Gudmundsson, H.; R. P. Hall; G. Marsden e J. Zietsman (eds.) Sustainable transportation: Indicators, frameworks, and performance management. Springer, Berlim, p. 81–109.

Guzman, L. A. e D. Oviedo (2018) Accessibility, affordability and equity: Assessing ‘pro-poor’ public transport subsidies in Bogotá. Transport Policy, v. 68, p. 37–51. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.012

Guzman, L. A.; D. Oviedo e C. Rivera (2017) Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study: The Bogotá region. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 58, p. 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.016

Hananel, R. e J. Berechman (2016) Justice and transportation decision-making: The capabilities approach. Transport Policy, v. 49, p. 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.04.005

Hay, A. e E. Trinder (1991) Concepts of equity, fairness, and justice expressed by local transport policymakers. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, v. 9, n. 4, p. 453–465. doi:10.1068/c090453

Hine, J. e M. Grieco (2003) Scatters and clusters in time and space: Implications for delivering integrated and inclusive transport. Transport Policy, v. 10, n. 4, p. 299–306. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00055-6

Hine, J. e F. Mitchell (2001) The role of transport in social exclusion in urban Scotland. Scottish Executive Central Research Unit. Disponível em: https://www2.gov.scot/resource/doc/156591/0042062.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Hodgson, F. C. e J. Turner (2003) Participation not consumption: The need for new participatory practices to address transport and social exclusion. Transport Policy, v. 10, n. 4, p. 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2003.08.001

Houston, D.; J. Wu; P. Ong e A. Winer (2004) Structural disparities of urban traffic in Southern California: Implications for vehicle-related air pollution exposure in minority and high-poverty neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(5), 565–592. doi:10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00215.x

Hull, A. (2008) Policy integration: What will it take to achieve more sustainable transport solutions in cities? Transport Policy, v. 15, n. 2, p. 94–103. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.004

Jaramillo, C.; C. Lizárraga e A. L. Grindlay (2012) Spatial disparity in transport social needs and public transport provision in Santiago de Cali (Colombia). Journal of Transport Geography, v. 24, n. 0, p. 340–357. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.04.014

Jones, P. (2014) The evolution of urban mobility: The interplay of academic and policy perspectives. IATSS Research, v. 38, n. 1, p. 7–13. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.06.001

Jones, P. e K. Lucas (2012) The social consequences of transport decision-making: Clarifying concepts, synthesising knowledge and assessing implications. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 21, n. 0, p. 4–16. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.012

Kenyon, S.; G. Lyons e J. Rafferty (2002) Transport and social exclusion: Investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 10, n. 3, p. 207–219. DOI: 10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00012-1

Levinson, D. (2010) Equity effects of road pricing: A review. Transport Reviews, v. 30, n. 1, p. 33–57. doi:10.1080/01441640903189304

Li, X.; D. Rey e V. V. Dixit (2018) An axiomatic characterization of fairness in transport networks: Application to road pricing and spatial equity. Transport Policy, v. 68, p. 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.05.003

Litman, T. (2013) The new transportation planning paradigm. ITE Journal, v. 83, p. 20–28.

Liu, Q.; K. Lucas; G. Marsden e Y. Liu (2019) Egalitarianism and public perception of social inequities: A case study of Beijing congestion charge. Transport Policy, v. 74, p. 47–62. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.012

Lucas, K. (2004) Transport and social exclusion. Running on empty: Transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. Policy Press, Bristol, p. 39–53.

Lucas, K. (2012) A critical assessment of accessibility planning for social inclusion. In: Geurs, K; K. Krizek e A. Reggiani (eds.) Accessibility analysis and transport planning: Challenges for Europe and North America. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, p. 228–242.

Lucas, K.; G. Mattioli; E. Verlinghieri e A. Guzman (2016) Transport poverty and its adverse social consequences. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, v. 169, n. 6, p. 353–365. DOI: 10.1680/jtran.15.00073

Lucas, K. e J. Stanley (2013) Achieving socially sustainable transport in the development context. Anais da 13th World Con-ference on Transport Research, Rio de Janeiro. Disponível em http://www.wctrs-society.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/abstracts/rio/selected/969.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Lucas, K.; B. Van Wee e K. Maat (2016) A method to evaluate equitable accessibility: Combining ethical theories and accessi-bility-based approaches. Transportation, v. 43, n. 3, p. 473–490. doi:10.1007/s11116-015-9585-2

Maia, M. L.; K. Lucas; G. Marinho; E. Santos e J. H. de Lima (2016) Access to the Brazilian City—From the perspectives of low-income residents in Recife. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 55, p. 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.01.001

Manaugh, K.; M. G. Badami e A. M. El-Geneidy (2015) Integrating social equity into urban transportation planning: A critical evaluation of equity objectives and measures in transportation plans in North America. Transport Policy, v. 37, p. 167–176. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.09.013

Manzi, T.; K. Lucas; T. L. Jones e J. Allen (2010) Understanding social sustainability: Key concepts and developments in theory and practice. In: Manzi, T; K. Lucas; T. L. Jones e J. Allen (eds.) Social sustainability in urban areas: Communities, connectivity and the urban fabric. Earthscan, Londres, p. 1–28.

Markovich, J. e K. Lucas (2011) The social and distributional impacts of transport: a literature review. Transport Studies Unit, School of Geography and the Environment Working Paper, (1055). Disponível em:

http://www.tsu.ox.ac.uk/pubs/1055-markovich-lucas.pdf (acessado em 18/12/2019).

Martens, K. (2012) Justice in transport as justice in accessibility: Applying Walzer’s ‘Spheres of Justice’ to the transport sector. Transportation, v. 39, n. 6, p. 1035–1054. doi:10.1007/s11116-012-9388-7

Martens, K. (2017) Transport justice: Designing fair transportation systems. Routledge, Nova York.

Martens, K., e K. Lucas (2018) Perspectives on transport and social justice. In: G. Craig (ed.) Handbook on global social justice. Edward Elgar, Northampton, p. 351–370.

Mattioli, G. (2015) Energy-related economic stress at the interface between transport, housing and fuel poverty: A multina-tional study. Université François-Rabelais.

Mattioli, G. (2017) “Forced car ownership” in the UK and Germany: Socio-spatial patterns and potential economic stress impacts. Social Inclusion, v. 5, n. 4, p. 147–160. doi:10.17645/si.v5i4.1081

Mattioli, G.; K. Lucas e G. Marsden (2017) Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: From analogy to comparison. Transport Policy, v. 59, p. 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.07.007

Mattioli, G.; Z. Wadud e K. Lucas (2016) Developing a novel approach for assessing the transport vulnerability to fuel price rises at the household level. 14th World Conference on Transport Research. Shanghai.

Milojevic, A.; C. L. Niedzwiedz; J. Pearce; J. Milner; I. A. MacKenzie; R.M. Doherty e P. Wilkinson (2017) Socioeconomic and urban-rural differentials in exposure to air pollution and mortality burden in England. Environmental Health: A Global Ac-cess Science Source, v. 16, n. 1. doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0314-5

Ministério das Cidades. (2015) PlanMob - Caderno de referência para elaboração de Plano de Mobilidade Urbana. Disponí-vel em: http://www.cidades.gov.br/images/stories/ArquivosSE/planmob.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Miranda, H. de F. e A. N. Rodrigues da Silva (2012) Benchmarking sustainable urban mobility: The case of Curitiba, Brazil. Transport Policy, v. 21, p. 141–151. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.03.009

Morency, P.; L. Gauvin; C. Plante; M. Fournier e C. Morency (2012) Neighborhood social inequalities in road traffic injuries: the influence of traffic volume and road design. American Journal of Public Health, v. 102, n. 6, p. 1112–1119. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300528

Mueller, N.; D. Rojas-Rueda; H. Khreis; M. Cirach; C. Milà; A. Espinosa; M. Foraster; R. R. C. McEachan; B. Kelly; J. Wright e M. Nieuwenhuijsen (2018) Socioeconomic inequalities in urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: A health impact assessment study for Bradford, UK. Environment International, v. 121, p. 931–941. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.017

Nahmias-Biran, B.-H.; K. Martens e Y. Shiftan (2017) Integrating equity in transportation project assessment: A philosophical exploration and its practical implications. Transport Reviews, v. 37, n. 2, p. 192–210. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2017.1276604

Ohnmacht, T.; H. Maksim e M. Bergman (2009) Mobilities and inequalities - Making the connections. T. Ohnmacht, H. Maksim, & M. M. Bergman (Eds), Mobilities and inequality (p. 7–25). Ashgate Publishing Company, Farnham, England ; Burlington, VT.

Oviedo Hernandez, D. e H. Titheridge (2016) Mobilities of the periphery: Informality, access and social exclusion in the ur-ban fringe in Colombia. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 55, p. 152–164. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.004

Pereira, R. H. M.; D. Banister; T. Schwanen e N. Wessel (2017) Distributional effects of transport policies on inequalities in access to opportunities in Rio de Janeiro (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3040844). Social Science Research Network, Rochester. Disponível em https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3040844 (acesso em 18/12/2019).

Pereira, R. H. M.; T. Schwanen e D. Banister (2017) Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, v. 37, n. 2, p. 170–191. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660

Portugal, L. da S. (2017) Transporte, mobilidade e desenvolvimento urbano. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro.

Rodrigues da Silva, A. N.; M. da Silva Costa e M. H. Macedo (2008) Multiple views of sustainable urban mobility: The case of Brazil. Decision-support for sustainable urban transport strategies, v. 15, n. 6, p. 350–360. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2008.12.003

Rowangould, D.; A. Karner e J. London (2016) Identifying environmental justice communities for transportation analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v. 88, p. 151–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2016.04.002

Ryan, J.; A. Wretstrand e S. M. Schmidt (2015) Exploring public transport as an element of older persons’ mobility: A Capa-bility Approach perspective. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 48, p. 105–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.08.016

Sagaris, L. (2010) From sustainable transport development to active citizenship and participatory democracy: The experi-ence of Living City in Chile. Natural Resources Forum, v. 34, n. 4, p. 275–288. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2010.01312.x

Sanchez, T. W. (2008) Poverty, policy, and public transportation. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v. 42, n. 5, p. 833–841. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2008.01.011

Sanchez, T. W.; R. Stolz e J. S. Ma (2003) Moving to equity: Addressing inequitable effects of transportation policies on minori-ties. Disponível em: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qc7w8qp.pdf (acesso em 18/12/2019)

Santos, B.; A. Antunes e E. J. Miller (2008) Integrating equity objectives in a road network design model. Transportation Re-search Record, v. 2089, n. 1, p. 35–42. doi:10.3141/2089-05

Sider, T.; M. Hatzopoulou; N. Eluru; G. Goulet-Langlois e K. Manaugh (2015) Smog and socioeconomics: an evaluation of equi-ty in traffic-related air pollution generation and exposure. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, v. 42, n. 5, p. 870–887. doi:10.1068/b130140p

Smith, N.; D. Hirsch e A. Davis (2012) Accessibility and capability: The minimum transport needs and costs of rural house-holds. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 21, p. 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.004

Soja, E. W. (2010) Seeking spatial justice. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Thomopoulos, N.; S. Grant-Muller e M. Tight (2009) Incorporating equity considerations in transport infrastructure evalua-tion: Current practice and a proposed methodology. Evaluation and Program Planning, v. 32, n. 4, p. 351–359. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.013

Tonne, C.; C. Milà; D. Fecht; M. Alvarez; J. Gulliver; J. Smith; S. Beevers; H. R. Anderson e F. Kelly (2018) Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in exposure to air and noise pollution in London. Environment International, v. 115, p. 170–179. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.023

Trinder, E.; A. Hay; J. Dignan; P. Else e J. Skorupski (1991) Concepts of equity, fairness, and justice in British transport legisla-tion, 1960–88. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, v. 9, n. 1, p. 31–50. doi:10.1068/c090031

Uteng, T. (2008) Gendered mobilities. Ashgate, Aldershot.

Uteng, T. P. (2009) Gender, ethnicity, and constrained mobility: Insights into the resultant social exclusion. Environment and planning. A, v. 41, n. 5, p. 1055. doi:10.1068/a40254

Van Wee, B. (2011) Transport and ethics: ethics and the evaluation of transport policies and projects. Edward Elgar, Londres.

Vasconcellos, E. A. (2001) Urban transport, environment and equity: The case for developing countries. Earthscan, Londres.

Vasconcellos, E. A. (2014) Políticas de transporte no Brasil: A construção da mobilidade excludente. Manole, Barueri.

Vasconcellos, E. A. (2018) Urban transport policies in Brazil: The creation of a discriminatory mobility system. Journal of Transport Geography, v. 67, p. 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.08.014

Vigar, G. (2006) Deliberation, participation and learning in the development of regional strategies: Transport policy making in North East England. Planning Theory & Practice, v. 7, n. 3, p. 267–287. DOI: 10.1080/14649350600841446

Vigar, G. (2017) The four knowledges of transport planning: Enacting a more communicative, trans-disciplinary policy and decision-making. Transport Policy, v. 58, p. 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.04.013

Villaça, F. e S. Zioni. (2010) A expansão do metrô de São Paulo: Acentuando desigualdades. Anais do XVI Congresso Pan-Americano de Engenharia de Tráfego e Transportes e Logística (PANAM), Lisboa.

Downloads

Publicado

28-12-2019

Como Citar

Guimarães, T., & Lucas, K. (2019). O papel da equidade no planejamento de transporte coletivo urbano no Brasil. TRANSPORTES, 27(4), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v27i4.1709

Edição

Seção

Artigos