Spatial characterization of accessibility to formal and informal jobs of the low-income population in Fortaleza

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v30i1.2546

Keywords:

Job accessibility, Informality, Socio-spatial inequalities

Abstract

In Fortaleza, inequalities in job accessibility among different socioeconomic groups have increased. However, the impact of the informal labor market on these inequalities is unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to spatially characterize the differences in levels of accessibility to formal and informal jobs of the low-income population in Fortaleza. First, the spatial distribution of low-income individuals was estimated, as well as the formal and informal jobs for this group. Then, the levels of accessibility for each type of employment were measured through the selection of an indicator that sought to incorporate the competition for the job opportunities. Finally, the differences were compared, seeking to assess how they vary across the territory. The analyses corroborated the hypothesis that the levels of accessibility to informal jobs are relatively better than to formal ones for the low-income population. It was also found that, among informally employed workers, domestic workers are subject to the worst levels of accessibility.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ABEP (2017) Critério de classificação econômica Brasil. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa.

Andrade, B. R. et al. (2020) ‘Efeitos da periferização nos níveis de acessibilidade aos empregos da população de baixa renda em Fortaleza’, Transportes, 28(3), pp. 46–60. DOI: 10.14295/transportes.v28i3.1810

Barboza, M. H. et al. (2021) ‘Balancing time: Using a new accessibility measure in Rio de Janeiro’, Journal of Transport Geogra-phy, 90, pp. 102924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102924

Boisjoly, G.; A. I., Moreno-Monroy e El-Geneidy, A. (2017) ‘Informality and accessibility to jobs by public transit: Evidence from the São Paulo metropolitan region’, Journal of Transport Geography, 64, pp. 89–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.08.005

Borges, W. A.e Rocha, M. M. (2004) ‘A compreensão do processo de periferização urbana no Brasil por meio da mobilidade centrada no trabalho’, Geografia, 29(3), pp. 383–400. Disponível em: <https://www.periodicos.rc.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/ageteo/article/view/936/870> (acesso em 09/03/2022)

CSO/India (1999) Expert group on informal sector statistics (Delhi Group), report of the third meeting (17-19 May 1999). New Delhi: Central Statistical Organisation.

Funkhouser, E. (1996) ‘The urban informal sector in Central America: Household survey evidence’, World Development, 24(11), pp. 1737–1751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00074-5

Castro, I. R. (2019) Compreensão das mudanças no uso do solo e na acessibilidade ao trabalho da população de baixa renda em Fortaleza. Dissertação (mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza. Disponível em: <http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/50146> (acesso em: 09/03/2022

Galli, R. e Kucera, D. (2004) ‘Labor standards and informal employment in Latin America’, World Development, 32(5), pp. 809–828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.005

Guzman, L. A. e Oviedo, D. (2018) ‘Accessibility, affordability and equity: Assessing ‘Pro-Poor’ public transport subsidies in Bogotá’, Transport Policy, 68, pp. 37–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.012

1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.12.004

Hernandez, D.; Hansz, M. e Massobrio, R. (2020) ‘Job accessibility through public transport and unemployment in Latin America: The case of Montevideo (Uruguay)’, Journal of Transport Geography, 85, pp. 102742. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102742

Hussmanns, R. (2004) Defining and measuring informal employment. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Kain, J. F. (1969) ‘Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization’, The Quarterly Journal of Eco-nomics, 82(2), pp. 175–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1883085

Lima, L. S. (2017) Espraiamento urbano por autossegregação e seus impactos na acessibilidade urbana de Fortaleza. Dissertação (mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza. Dis-ponível em: <http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/30015> (acesso em: 09/03/2022)

Lima, L. S. et al. (2021) ‘Espraiamento urbano e seus impactos nas desigualdades socioespaciais da acessibilidade ao traba-lho em Fortaleza’, Transportes, 29(1), pp. 229-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v29i1.2348

Maloney, W. F. (1999) ‘Does informality imply segmentation in urban labor markets? Evidence from sectoral transitions in Mexico’, The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), pp. 275–302. Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3990099> (acesso em: 09/03/2022)

Marcoullier, D.; Ruiz de Casilla, V. e Woodruff, C. (1997) ‘Formal measures of the informal-sector wage gap in Mexico, El Sal-vador, and Peru’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45(2), pp. 367–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/452278

Moreno-Monroy, A. I. e Posada, H. M. (2018) ‘The effect of commuting costs and transport subsidies on informality rates’, Journal of Development Economics, 130, pp. 99–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.09.004

Moreno-Monroy, A. I. e Ramos, F. R. (2020) ‘The impact of public transport expansions on informality: The case of the São Paulo metropolitan region’, Research in Transportation Economics, 88, pp. 100928. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100928

Motte, B. et al. (2016) ‘Commuting patterns in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. What differences between formal and informal jobs?’, Journal of Transport Geography, 51, pp. 59–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.019

OIT (2003) Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment. Genebra: Seventeenth Conference of La-bour Statisticians.

Pinto, D. G. L. (2020) Compreensão das desigualdades socioespaciais na acessibilidade ao trabalho formal e informal em Fortaleza. Dissertação (mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza. Disponível em: <http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/53751> (acesso em: 09/03/2022)

Pereira, R. H. M. et al. (2019) Desigualdades socioespaciais de acesso a oportunidades nas cidades brasileiras. Texto para Discussão Ipea, v. 2535.

PMF (2020) PASFOR – Plano de Acessibilidade Sustentável de Fortaleza e sua Área de Influência (RT04 – Compreensão da Problemática – Diagnóstico). Fortaleza: Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza.

Portes, A.; Blitzner, S. e Curtis, J. (1986) ‘The urban informal sector in Uruguay: Its internal structure, characteristics, and effects’, World Development, 14(6), pp. 727–741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(86)90015-X

Saavedra, J. e Chong, A. (1999) ‘Structural reform, institutions and earnings: Evidence from the formal and informal sectors in urban Peru’, Journal of Development Studies, 35(4), pp. 95–116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389908422582

Sousa, F. F. L. M. (2019) Diagnóstico estratégico das desigualdades socioespaciais ao trabalho em Fortaleza. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Transportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará. Fortaleza. Disponível em: <http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/51535> (acesso em: 09/03/2022)

Downloads

Published

2022-04-07

How to Cite

Garcia Lopes Pinto, D. ., Grangeiro Loureiro, C. F. ., Franco Leite de Matos Sousa, F. ., & Motte-Baumvol, B. . (2022). Spatial characterization of accessibility to formal and informal jobs of the low-income population in Fortaleza. TRANSPORTES, 30(1), 2546. https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v30i1.2546

Issue

Vol. 30 No. 1 (2022)

Section

Artigos

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Davi Garcia Lopes Pinto, Carlos Felipe Grangeiro Loureiro, Francelino Franco Leite de Matos Sousa, Benjamin Motte-Baumvol

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who submit papers for publication by TRANSPORTES agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant TRANSPORTES the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

  2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of this journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in TRANSPORTES.

  3. Authors are allowed and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after publication of the article. Authors are encouraged to use links to TRANSPORTES (e.g., DOIs or direct links) when posting the article online, as TRANSPORTES is freely available to all readers.

  4. Authors have secured all necessary clearances and written permissions to published the work and grant copyright under the terms of this agreement. Furthermore, the authors assume full responsibility for any copyright infringements related to the article, exonerating ANPET and TRANSPORTES of any responsibility regarding copyright infringement.

  5. Authors assume full responsibility for the contents of the article submitted for review, including all necessary clearances for divulgation of data and results, exonerating ANPET and TRANSPORTES of any responsibility regarding to this aspect.