Factors affecting older adults walkability in Brazilian urban areas: a multilevel approach

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v29i3.2657

Keywords:

Walkability, Elderly, Zero inflated negative binomial, Multilevel model

Abstract

Ensuring elderly´s social participation through the access to urban activities plays a
crucial role in promoting healthier aging, especially in a context of rapidly increase of this population segment. This paper aims to identify and analyze the walking patterns of individuals older than 50 years old, as well as its variation across regions and cities into different populational stratus in Brazil. Mixed and non-mixed zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were estimated using the ELSI-Brazil database to identify the
existence of heterogeneities in the national context, and analyze factors which affect the choice for walking, as well as walking intensity for those who walk. Results highlight the lack of mobility capability as the main factor preventing walking, while public safety, sidewalk quality, and the risk of crossing streets decrease the weekly walking time for older adults.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alsnih, R. e Hensher, D. (2003) The mobility and accessibility expectations of seniors in an aging population. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 37(10), pp.903 916. DOI: 10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00073-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00073-9

Banister, D. e Bowling, A. (2004) Quality of life for the elderly: the transport dimension. Transport Policy, 11(2), pp.105 115. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00052-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00052-0

Boakye-Dankwa, E., Nathan, A., Barnett, A., Busija, L., Lee, R., Pachana, N., Turrell, G. e Cerin, E. (2019). Walking behaviour and patterns of perceived access to neighbourhood destinations in older adults from a low-density (Brisbane, Australia) and an ultra-dense city (Hong Kong, China). Cities, 84, pp.23 33. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.002

Boeing, G. (2017) OSMnx: new methods for acquiring, constructing, analyzing, and visualizing complex street networks. Com-puters, Environment and Urban Systems, 65, pp.126-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004

Borst, H., de Vries, S., Graham, J., van Dongen, J., Bakker, I. e Miedema, H. (2009) Influence of environmental street character-istics on walking route choice of elderly people. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 29(4), pp.477–484. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.002

Bromberg, S., Oron-Gilad, T., Ronen, A., Borowsky, A. e Parmet, Y. (2012) The perception of pedestrians from the perspective of elderly experienced and experienced drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 44(1), pp.48–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.028

Brooks, M., Kristensen, K., Van Benthem, K., Magnusson, A., Berg, C., Nielsen, A., Skaug, H.; Mächler, M. e Bolker, B. (2017). glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling. The R Journal, 9(2), pp.378 400. DOI: 10.32614/RJ-2017-066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2017-066

Cameron, A. e Trivedi, P. (1990) Regression-based tests for overdispersion in the Poisson model. Journal of Econometrics, 46(3), pp.347 364. DOI: 10.1016/0304-4076(90)90014-K DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(90)90014-K

Cameron, A. e Trivedi, P. (2009). Microeconometrics using Stata (Revised Edition). College Station, TX: Stata press

Cao, X., Handy, S. e Mokhtarian, P. (2006) The influences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX. Transportation. 33(1), pp.1–20. DOI: 10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2

Cheng, L., de Vos, J., Zhao, P., Yang, M. e Witlox, F. (2020). Examining non-linear built environment effects on elderly’s walking: A random forest approach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 88, 102552. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102552

Corseuil, M., Schneider, I., Silva, D., Costa, F., Silva, K., Borges, L. e d’Orsi, E. (2011) Perception of environmental obstacles to commuting physical activity in Brazilian elderly. Preventive Medicine. 53(4–5), pp.289–292. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.07.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.07.016

Cui, J., Loo, B. e Lin, D. (2017) Travel behaviour and mobility needs of older adults in an ageing and car-dependent society. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 21(2), pp.109 128. DOI: 10.1080/12265934.2016.1262785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2016.1262785

Desmarais, B. e Harden, J. (2013) Testing for zero inflation in count models: Bias correction for the Vuong test. The Stata Journal, 13(4), pp.810 835. DOI: 10.1177/1536867X1301300408 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300408

Ehrgott, M., Wang, J., Raith, A. e Van Houtte, C. (2012) A bi-objective cyclist route choice model. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(4), pp.652 663. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2011.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.11.015

Fávero, L. e Belfiore, P. (2017) Manual de análise de dados (1ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier.

Fávero, L., Hair, J., Souza, R., Albergaria, M. e Brugni, T. (2021) Zero-Inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Models: A Better Way to Understand Data Relationships. Mathematics, 9(10), pp.1100. DOI: 10.3390/math9101100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math9101100

FIOCRUZ (2015) ELSI Brasil: Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros. Disponível em: <http://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br/> (acesso em 04/04/2022).

Gao, J., Kamphuis, C., Ettema, D. e Helbich, M. (2019) Longitudinal changes in transport-related and recreational walking: The role of life events. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 77, pp.243 251. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.006

Garay, A., Hashimoto, E., Ortega, E. e Lachos, V. (2011) On estimation and influence diagnostics of zero-inflated negative bi-nomial regression models. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 55, pp.1304-1318. DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2010.09.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2010.09.019

Gómez, L., Parra, D., Buchner, D., Brownson, R., Sarmiento, O., Pinzón, J., Ardila, M., Moreno, J., Serrato, M. e Lobelo, F. (2010) Built environment attributes and walking patterns among the elderly population in Bogotá. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(6), pp.592-599. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.02.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.02.005

Greene, W. (2012) Econometric Analysis (7ª ed.). Boston, Prentice Hall.

Guo, Y., Chan, C., Chang, Q., Liu, T. e Yip, P. (2019) Neighborhood environment and cognitive function in older adults: A multi-level analysis in Hong Kong. Health and Place, 58, 102146. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102146

Hjorthol, R., Levin, L. e Siren, A. (2010). Mobility in different generations of older persons: the development of daily travel in different cohorts in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(5), pp.624-633. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.011

IBGE (2013) CNEFE: Cadastro nacional de endereços para fins estatísticos. Disponível em: <https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=53042&view=detalhes> (acesso em 04/04/2022)

Jackman, S. (2020) pscl: Classes and Methods for R Developed in the Political Science Computational Laboratory. Disponível em <https://github.com/atahk/pscl/ > (acesso em 04/04/2022)

Kizony, R., Schreuer, N., Rotenberg, S., Shach-Pinsly, D., Sinoff, G. e Plaut, P. (2020) Participation in out-of-home activities among older adults: The role of mobility, attitudes and travel behaviors. Journal of Transport and Health, 17, 100846. DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100846

Lima-Costa, M., de Andrade, F., de Souza, P., Neri, A., Duarte, Y., Castro-Costa, E. e de Oliveira, C. (2018) The Brazilian Longitu-dinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil): Objectives and Design. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(7), pp1345 1353. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx387

Ma, J. e Goulias, K. (1999) Application of Poisson regression models to activity frequency analysis and prediction. Transporta-tion Research Record, 1676(1), pp.86 94. DOI: 10.3141/1676-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/1676-11

Manaugh, K. e El-Geneidy, A. (2011) Validating walkability indices: How do different households respond to the walkability of their neighborhood? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16, pp.309 315. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2011.01.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.01.009

Mercado, R. e Páez, A. (2009) Determinants of distance traveled with a focus on the elderly: a multilevel analysis in the Ham-ilton CMA, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(1), pp.65 76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.012

Moniruzzaman, M., Páez, A., Nurul Habib, K. e Morency, C. (2013) Mode use and trip length of seniors in Montreal. Journal of Transport Geography, 30, pp.89 99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.03.007

Nordbakke, S. (2013) Capabilities for mobility among urban older women: barriers, strategies and options. Journal of Transport Geography, 26, pp.166 174. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.10.003

Nordbakke, S. e Schwanen, T. (2014) Well-being and Mobility: A Theoretical Framework and Literature Review Focusing on Older People. Mobilities, 9(1), pp.104–129. DOI: 10.1080/17450101.2013.784542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.784542

O’Hern, S. e Oxley, J. (2015) Understanding travel patterns to support safe active transport for older adults. Journal of Transport and Health, 2(1), pp.79 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2014.09.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.09.016

ONU (2019) World Population Ageing 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Report.pdf> (acesso em 04/04/2022)

Porta, S. e Renne, J. (2005) Linking urban design to sustainability: Formal indicators of social urban sustainability field re-search in Perth, Western Australia. Urban Design International, 10, pp.51 64. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000136

R Core Team (2019) R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. Disponível em: < https://www.r-project.org/> (acesso em 06/07/2021)

Rabe-Hesketh, S. e Skrondal, A. (2006) Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata (3ª ed.). College Station, Texas: Stata Press Publication.

Rosenbloom, S. (2006) Is the driving experience of older women changing? Safety and mobility consequences over time. Transportation Research Record, 1956(1), pp.127–132. DOI: 10.3141/1956-16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106195600116

Rosenbloom, S. e Waldorf, B. (2001) Older Travelers: does place or race make a difference? Transportation Research Circular, E-C026, 103 120. Disponível em: <http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec026/01_rosenbloom.pdf> (acesso em 06/07/2021).

Saelens, B., Sallis, J. e Frank, L. (2003) Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2), pp.80–91. DOI: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03

Salvador, E., Reis, R e Florindo, A. (2009) A Prática De Caminhada Como Forma De Deslocamento E Sua Associação Com a Percepção Do Ambiente Em Idosos. Revista Brasileira De Atividade Física & Saúde, 14(3), pp.197–205. DOI: 10.12820/rbafs.v.14n3p197-205

Souza, R., Fávero, L., Belfiore. P., Correa, H., Cameron, A. e Trivedi, P. (2020) overdisp: Overdispersion in Count Data Multiple Regression Analysis. Disponível em: <https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/overdisp/index.html> (acesso em 04/04/2022).

Su, F. e Bell, M. (2012) Travel differences by gender for older people in London. Research in Transportation Economics, 34(1), pp.35 38. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2011.12.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2011.12.011

van den Berg, P., Arentze, T. e Timmermans, H. (2011) Estimating social travel demand of senior citizens in the Netherlands. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(2), pp.323 331. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.018

van den Berg, P., Sharmeen, F. e Weijs-Perrée, M. (2017) On the subjective quality of social Interactions: Influence of neigh-borhood walkability, social cohesion and mobility choices. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 106, pp.309 319. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.021

Vegi, A., Fernandes Filho, E., Pessoa, M., Ramos, K. e Ribeiro, A. (2020) Caminhabilidade e envelhecimento saudável: Uma proposta de análise para cidades brasileiras de pequeno e médio porte. Cad. Saúde Pública, 36(3), pp.1 15. DOI: 10.1590/0102 311x00215218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00215218

Vuong, Q. (1989) Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses. Econometrica, 57(2), pp.307 333. DOI: 10.2307/1912557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1912557

Yang, Y., He, D., Gou, Z., Wang, R., Liu, Y. e Lu, Y. (2019) Association between street greenery and walking behavior in older adults in Hong Kong. Sustainable Cities and Society, 51, 101747. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101747

Zandieh, R., Martinez, J., Flacke, J., Jones, P. e van Maarseveen, M. (2016) Older adults’ outdoor walking: inequalities in neigh-borhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1179). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13121179

Zeileis, A., Kleiber, C. e S. Jackman (2008) Regression models for count data in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 27(8), pp.1 25. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v027.i08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v027.i08

Zhao, P. e Wan, J. (2020) Examining the effects of neighbourhood design on walking in growing megacity. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102417. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102417

Downloads

Published

2022-04-30

How to Cite

Pereira Caldeira, G. ., Akemi Marçal Imai, R. ., Araújo de Melo, L. E. ., Barbieri da Cunha, C. ., & Isler, C. A. . (2022). Factors affecting older adults walkability in Brazilian urban areas: a multilevel approach. TRANSPORTES, 30(1), 2657. https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v29i3.2657

Issue

Vol. 30 No. 1 (2022)

Section

Artigos Vencedores do Prêmio ANPET Produção Científica

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Gabriel Pereira Caldeira, Renata Akemi Marçal Imai, Lucas Eduardo Araújo de Melo, Claudio Barbieri da Cunha, Cassiano Augusto Isler

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who submit papers for publication by TRANSPORTES agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant TRANSPORTES the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

  2. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of this journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in TRANSPORTES.

  3. Authors are allowed and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after publication of the article. Authors are encouraged to use links to TRANSPORTES (e.g., DOIs or direct links) when posting the article online, as TRANSPORTES is freely available to all readers.

  4. Authors have secured all necessary clearances and written permissions to published the work and grant copyright under the terms of this agreement. Furthermore, the authors assume full responsibility for any copyright infringements related to the article, exonerating ANPET and TRANSPORTES of any responsibility regarding copyright infringement.

  5. Authors assume full responsibility for the contents of the article submitted for review, including all necessary clearances for divulgation of data and results, exonerating ANPET and TRANSPORTES of any responsibility regarding to this aspect.