Efeitos em preço do compartilhamento de voos de companhias aéreas como reação à presença de um competidor de baixo custo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/transportes.v23i1.814Keywords:
codeshare, low cost carrier.Abstract
This paper aims to study the competitive effects of a type of strategic alliance that has received much more attention from airlines: the codeshare agreement. The intention is to evaluate the price effects caused by the implementation of codeshare when established between incumbent carriers facing the entrance of a new competitor Low Cost Carrier, a subject not yet addressed in the literature. For this, we developed an econometric model using fixed-effects estimator for application in a case study evidenced in the early 2000s, known as "Codeshare Varig-TAM". The model analyses the effects on the price of the air tickets due to the entrance of a newcomer Low Cost Carrier. The results indicate reductions on the average price in all cases. In conditions where the codeshare was not implemented, the price reduction was 12.4%. On the other hand, when the codeshare already established, the reduction was only 8.3%. These findings allow us to conclude that the codeshare can be a strategic tool for dominant airlines to mitigate the action of price reduction (and impacts on profitability) when competing directly against Low Cost Carriers.
Downloads
References
ANAC (2003). Anuários Estatísticos do Transporte Aéreo – Dados Estatísticos. Disponível em: http://www2.anac.gov.br/estatistica/anuarios.asp
ANDRADE, T. A. (2007). A crise Varig/TAM e o uso de co-deshare. Regulação no Brasil, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 165-173.
ARMANTIER, O. e RICHARD, O. (2008). Domestic airline alliances and consumer welfare. RAND Journal of Economics, v. 39, n. 3, p. 875-904. DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-2171.2008.00042.x.
BAMBERGER, G. E., CARLTON, D. W., e NEUMANN, L. R. (2004). An empirical investigation of the competitive effects of domestic airline alliances. The Journal of Law Economics, v. 47, n. 2, p. 195-222. DOI: 10.1086/386274.
COSTA, W. C. (2010). Alianças domésticas entre companhias aéreas e o impacto no comportamento dos passageiros. Journal of Transport Literature, v. 4, n. 1, p. 96-113.
DOGANIS, R. (2001). Flying of Course: The Economics of International Airlines. London: Routledge, 2ª Edição.
GATIGNON, H., ROBERTSON, T., e FEIN, A. J. (1997). In-cumbent defense strategies against new product entry. Internation-al Journal of Research in Marketing 14(2), 163-176. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8116(96)00035-3.
GAYLE, P. G. (2007). Airline code-share alliances and their competitive effects. Journal of Law and Economics 50, 781-819.
GAYLE, P. G., e XIE, X. (2012). Entry deterrence and strategic alliances: evidence from a dynamic structural econometric model. Working paper.
GILLEN, D., e GADOS, A. (2008). Airlines within airlines: Assessing the vulnerabilities of mixing business models. Research in Transportation Economics 24, 25-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2009.01.002.
GOETZ, C. F., e SHAPIRO, A. H. (2012). Strategic alliance as a response to the threat of entry: Evidence from airline codesharing. International Journal of Industrial Organization 30, 735–747. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2012.08.003.
GOOLSBEE, A., e SYVERSON, C. (2008). How do incumbents respond to the threat of entry? Evidence from the major airlines. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123, 1611-1633. DOI: 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1611.
GUJARATI, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics, 4th edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies.
HÜSCHELRATH, K., e MÜLLER, K. (2011). Low cost carriers and the evolution of the U.S. airline industry. ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion No. 11-051. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1908744.
HUSE, C., e OLIVEIRA, A. V. M. (2012). Does product differ-entiation soften price reactions to entry? Evidence from the airline industry. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 46, Part 2, 01–16. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1709070.
ITO, H., e LEE, D. (2007). Domestic codesharing, alliances and airfares in the U.S. airline industry. Journal of Law & Economics, 50, 355-380. DOI:10.1086/511318.
LIN, M. H. (2008). Airline alliances and entry deterrence. Trans-portation Research Part E 44, 637–652. DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2007.05.003.
MORRELL, P. (2005). Airlines within airlines: An analysis of US network airline responses to low cost carriers. Journal of Air Transport Management 11, 303-312. DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.
07.002.
OLIVEIRA, A. V. M. (2008). An empirical model of low-cost carrier entry. Transportation Research Part A 42, 673-695. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2008.01.025.
OLIVEIRA, A. V. M., FERREIRA, N. S. e SALGADO, L. H. (2011) A liberalização econômica do transporte aéreo no Brasil: um estudo empírico dos dez primeiros anos. Transportes 19, 62-74. DOI: 10.4237/transportes.v19i3.369
SEAE (2004). Secretaria de Acompanhamento Econômico – Nota Técnica n.º 29/2004/COGDC-DF/SEAE/MF. Coordenação Geral de Defesa da Concorrência, Brasília.
SILVEIRA, D. M. S. (2007). Análise dos benefícios das alianças internacionais entre empresas de transporte aéreo. Dissertação – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE.
TAN, K. M. (2011). Incumbent Response to Entry by Low-Cost Carriers in the U.S. Airline Industry. Working paper. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2006471
VASSALLO, M. D., (2010). Simulação de Fusão com Variações de Qualidade no Produto das Firmas: Aplicação para o Caso do Code-Share Varig-TAM. Journal of Transport Literature 4, 50-100.
YERGIN, D., VIETOR, R. H. K. e EVANS, P. C. (2000). Fet-tered Flight: Globalization and the Airline Industry. Massa-chussets Institute of Technology.
WINDLE, R., e DRESNER, M. (1999). Competitive responses to low cost carrier entry. Transportation Research Part E 35, 59-75.
WOOLDRIGDE, J. M. (2012). Introductory Econometrics: a modern approach. 5th edition, South-Western Cengage Learning.
WU, S. M. (2011). The “Southwest effect” revisited: An empirical analysis of the effects Southwest and Jetblue Airways on incum-bent airlines from 1993 and 2009. The Michigan Journal of Busi-ness.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers for publication by TRANSPORTES agree to the following terms:
- The authors retain the copyright and grant Transportes the right of first publication of the manuscript, without any financial charge, and waive any other remuneration for its publication by ANPET.
- Upon publication by Transportes, the manuscript is automatically licensed under the Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0 license. This license permits the work to be shared with proper attribution to the authors and its original publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional separate contracts for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the manuscript published in this journal (e.g., publishing in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with recognition of the initial publication in this journal, provided that such a contract does not imply an endorsement of the content of the manuscript or the new medium by ANPET.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) after the editorial process is complete. As Transportes provides open access to all published issues, authors are encouraged to use links to the DOI of their article in these cases.
- Authors guarantee that they have obtained the necessary authorization from their employers for the transfer of rights under this agreement, if these employers hold any copyright over the manuscript. Additionally, authors assume all responsibility for any copyright infringements by these employers, releasing ANPET and Transportes from any responsibility in this regard.
- Authors assume full responsibility for the content of the manuscript, including the necessary and appropriate authorizations for the disclosure of collected data and obtained results, releasing ANPET and Transportes from any responsibility in this regard.